Tael
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A tael or thail is a unit of weight and a monetary unit used in China, Japan, Tonkin, Cambodia, Siam, Aceh, Makassar etc. As a unit of
weight, 1 tael was about 37.5 gram, equal to 1/16 of a "catty". The worth of 1 tael in monetary unit varied from place to place. In Aceh,
the tael was usually measured in gold. 1 tael was worth 4 rijksdaalders, 16 golden mas. If in silver, worth about 60 stuivers or 8 silver
mas. Also called "liang" in Mandarin Chinese or "leung" in Cantonese language.
[Ref: Stapel, W.F., (1931), Pieter van Dam’s Beschrijvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie, ‘s Gravenhage Martinuss Nijhoff, page
834-835.]
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People of Pegu are known under the name Talaing, which is obviously connected with the word Telingana (a region of the Andhra
Pradesh state in India). The name by which they call themselves is Mun or Mwun. The word Talaing was no doubt originally applied
only to the colonists from India.
[Reference: History of Burma - Arthur P. Phayre (1883) - page 28]
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Talapoin
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Talapoin also Talpojer, talpooy, tolipi etc, brought into circulation by the Portuguese to denote saffron-robed Buddhist monks. No
satisfactory explanation of this term exists, but it may perhaps be related to the Pali word talapata (talipot), a type of palm tree which
provides large fan-shaped leaves to be used as a sunshade (1), one of the few possessions allowed to a monk.
[Ref: In the King's Trail - Remco Raben and Dhiravat Na Pombejra (1997) - page 37]
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Tamleung
(Th.)
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Traditional Thai unit of weight equal to 60 gram or 4 Ticals.
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Tamnan
(Th.)
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Tamnan is a term frequently used for documents dealing with the history of Buddhism or particular Buddhist monuments. It came into
existence well before the 15th century and though it began to decline in the 17th century;its influence lasted until the 18th century.
Tamnan histories begin at the point when the Gautama Buddha made a vow to reach enlightenment.
[Ref: The Rise of Ayudhya - Charnvit Kasetsiri (1976) - page 2]
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Tarang wa
(Th.)
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Tarangwa or square waa is a unit of area used in Thailand for measuring land or property. It is defined as the area of a square whose
sides measure exactly one waa (two metres), equivalent to four square metres. Although its current size is precisely derived from the
metre, it is neither part of nor recognized by the modern metric system.
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Than khiang
(Th.)
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A plain or simple base, the lowest base supporting other kinds of base or moulding of different levels. For example, the than khiang
bases supporting the lower and upper Cyma Recta mouldings (Thai : than bua) and the lion-throne moulding (simhasana), the moulding
which has the "S" shaped lion-shank feet as its lowest part (Thai : than sing).
[Ref: An outline of the History of Religious Architecture in Thailand - Sonthiwan Intralib (1991).]
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Thanan
(Th.)
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Traditional Thai unit of volume equal to 1 liter (coconut shell).
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Thang
(Th.)
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Traditional Thai unit of volume equal to 20 liter (bucket) or 10 Kg used for measuring rice.
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Thao Lokaban
(Th.)
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The four guardians of the world - In Siamese, called Chatu Maharachik Thewada, or Thao Lokaban. These are four angels named
Thotsarot, Wirunhok, Wirunpak, and Wessuwan, whose palaces are in the Yukunthon mountains (the circular range next to Mount
Meru), and who, respectively, rule over the east, south, west, and north divisions of the system, and have under their jurisdiction the
Khonthan angels (Gandharvas), the Kumphan angels or Yaks, the Nagas or serpents of supernatural power, and the local angels, &c.
[Ref: The Weel of The Law - Henry Alabaster (1871) - Trubner & Co, London - page 178.]
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Thaplang
(Th.)
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Lintel, a horizontal decorative element placed on the door head of an entrance to the Khmer sanctuary tower. Its importance lies in the
fact that it is used to bear the weight of the pediment whereas the two colonnettes designed to decorate the door frames also support
the lintel.
[Ref: An outline of the History of Religious Architecture in Thailand - Sonthiwan Intralib (1991).]
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Thep Nakhon
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(Translated City of angels) - According to the phongsawadan tradition as written in the reign of Rama I, at the beginning of the 14th
century, when a daughter of the King of Traitrung married a commoner, both she and her husband were driven out of the city because
of the disgrace they had created for the king. They went south and in 1319, founded a new city called Thepnakhon. In 1344, their son
Uthong became king and in 1351 he moved the capital to Ayudhya.
[Ref: The Rise of Ayudhya - Charnvit Kasetsiri - page 56)]
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Thotsarot
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One of the four guardians of the world, in Thai called Chatu Maharachik Thewada, or Thao Lokaban, ruler over the east.
[Ref: The Weel of The Law - Henry Alabaster (1871) - Trubner & Co, London - page 178.]
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Tical
(Th.)
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Traditional Thai unit of weight equal to 15 gram. The name tical has been replaced by Baht.
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Traiphum
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The Traiphum, literally meaning "Three Worlds", was an important doctrinal tradition within Theravada Buddhism. It is believed that
King Lu Thai, who came to the throne of Sukhothai in 1347, composed the Traibhumikatha (The Three Worlds of Phra Ruang), the
first systematic construction of Buddhist cosmology and a major treatise of the Sukhothai Kingdom. Beings are classified by their merit
and designated to live in particular places according to their store of merit in the Traiphum cosmography. One's deeds can accumulated
or diminished the store of merit and account for one's next birth. The most evil beings live in the lowest section of hell. The more merit
one makes, the higher the level where one resides. Our present life is the outcome of the previous one. The Traiphum consists of 31
levels; (15 in the lower world, men’s world and 15 in the higher world.) We can simply say that the Traiphum is a Buddhist sermon
which exhorts its listeners to lead a moral life and by so doing reap the appropriate heavenly rewards.
[Ref: Siam mapped by Thongchai Winichakul - page 20 / Buddhism and politics in twentieth-century Asia by Ian Harris - page 196.]
The Traiphum or the "Three Worlds" consists of the Immaterial World, the Fine Material World and the Sensuous World. The latter
consists of eleven realms, dominated by the five senses. Four realms are states of deprivation (which include the animal and hell realms -
the underworld), one is the world we presently live in (human beings) and six are happy destinations - the dewa heavens. Dawadungsa
is the second tier of the dewa heavens, reckoned from the earth. Dawadungsa was located above the peak of Mount Meru (Phra
Sumeru) the centre of the universe. In the Dawadungsa Heaven is the palace of Indra (Wechaiyanta) where Indra resides and where the
Kalpa trees flourish (Th: Kamaphruk), whose branches furnish everything that the angels can desire. [1]
[Ref: The Wheel of The Law - Henry Alabaster (1871) - page 82, 171.]
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Traitrung
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According to the phongsawadan tradition as written in the reign of Rama I, in the latter part of the twelfth century a military force from
Lower Burma expelled a group of Thai from the area of Chieng Saen north of present-day Chiengmai. These Thai migrated south and
formed a new settlement in the area of Kamphaeng Phet on the Ping River, one of the major tributaries of the Maenam. They founded
the city of Traitrung which in all likelihood became a vassal to Sukhothai once that kingdom had become an independent Thai state in
the middle of the thirteenth century.
[Ref: The Rise of Ayudhya - Charnvit Kasetsiri - page 56)]
Traitrung is a town located 18 Km from Kamphaeng Phet. The excavation in Traitrung, on the west bank of the Ping River, revealed
Dvaravati artifacts, including glass beads, fragments of clay lamps and unglazed ceramics. The clay lamps are similar to those found in
Central Thailand. These cultural materials imply the presence of prehistoric and early historic communities along the route between the
central plains and the upper north in Lamphun or Hariphunchai. There are traces of moats and earthen ramparts at Traitrung supposedly
belonging to the Early Sukhothai period, on both sides of the River Ping.
[Ref: Guide to Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai and Kamphaeng Phet Historical Parks at
http://www.archae.go.th/Website/HTM/pdf/G3-kampang_E.pdf - retrieved 08 March 2011.]
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Trimuk
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Three-gabled roof
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Tushita
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See Dusit
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